Alcoholics Anonymous An International Mutual Aid Fellowship

Alcoholics Anonymous is an international mutual aid fellowship founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio. AA states that its primary purpose is to help alcoholics to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety. With other early members Bill Wilson and Bob Smith developed AA s Twelve Step program of spiritual and character development. AA s initial Twelve Traditions were introduced in 1946 to help the fellowship be stable and unified while disengaged from outside issues and influences. The Traditions recommend that members and groups remain anonymous in public media, altruistically helping other alcoholics and avoiding affiliations with any other organization. Subsequent fellowships such as Narcotics Anonymous have adopted and adapted the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions to their respective primary purposes. The 2006 Cochrane Review of eight studies measuring the effectiveness of AA found no significant difference between the results of AA and twelve-step participation compared to other treatments, stating that experimental studies have on the whole failed to demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing alcohol dependence or drinking problems when compared to other interventions. and the first non-Protestant member, a Roman Catholic, joined in 1939. AA membership has since spread across diverse cultures holding different beliefs and values, including geopolitical areas resistant to grassroots movements. In the Fourth Edition ofShow MoreRelatedTeen Alcohol Problems Of Teens814 Words   |  4 Pagesplace that is for people that need help to stop drinking alcohol and provide food,bed and people that is going to help you. Alcoholics Anonymous Alcoholics Anonymous is an international mutual aid fellowship founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron, Ohio. AA states that its primary purpose is to help alcoholics to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety.that is made for men and women who have had a drinking problem. It is nonprofessional, self-supporting, multiracialRead MorePrinciples of Psychopathology: Diagnosis and Treatment4567 Words   |  19 Pagesmental health issues; the argument is what disorders need to be discussed and how to organize the information. Before the advent of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) the most widely used manual in America was the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (APA, 2000, p. xxiv, xxv). History progressed from the 1800’s with name changes from other organizations until the American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics developed their own versionRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China 42289 Words   |  170 PagesInternational Hemp Association Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivation in the Tai an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China Robert C. Clarke Naturetex International B.V. Van Diemenstraat 192 1013 CP Amsterdam The Netherlands Clarke, R.C. 1995. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivation in the Tai an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2(2): 57, 60-65. This paper summarizes the history of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivationRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesIntroduction to strategy Business environment: general Five forces analysis Capability analysis Corporate governance Stakeholder expectations Social responsibility Culture Competitive strategy Strategic options: directions Corporate-level strategy International strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategic options: methods Strategy evaluation Strategic management process Organising Resourcing Managing change Strategic leadership Strategy in practice Public sector/not-for-proï ¬ t management Small businessRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages1987, had a new coauthor, Barbara B. Moran. This edition brought additional insight, expertise, and depth to the discussions. With the fourth edition, published in 1993, the two authors expanded the coverage to include themes of importance for an international audience. Over that 15-year period, the previous editions had been translated into several languages—some without prior knowledge of the authors and publisher. That edition also changed its title to Library and Information Center Management to

Poetry Story Free Essays

An author writes a book or novel to have the whole story put right out for you with a clear cut beginning middle and end. A poet can write a â€Å"novel† in very minimal lines or a few verses. They tell a story but give the rest for you to think and ponder about A poet uses multiple literary devices in one single poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Poetry Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now When reading a poem you have to decode or decipher what the poet is really trying to say. They may use metaphors, Irony and much more, In the poem â€Å"l Finally managed to speak to her†, the poet, Hal Sorority uses both of these literary devices. The first literary device that is used in this poem is a metaphor. The poem â€Å"l finally managed to speak to her† is about a young man sitting across from a young girl on a bus. They are driving through New York City, and he would like to talk to her. He says â€Å"The trees look so much greener is this part of the country. In New York City everything looks so drab. † Although he is referring to the trees, Sorority uses the trees as a metaphor for him. Despite the fact that he has written about the trees you have to look deeper and the meaning and decipher what Is trying to be said. Since the metaphor is really talking about him rather than the trees it really brings out the meaning of the poem. In an interview Sorority said â€Å"she was too self-involved. Or to put it in nicer terms, she wasn’t into me. â€Å"(lengthier) When he said this what I got is that when he wrote that she said â€Å"when you find another one let me know† Is that she didn’t really want to talk to him so she Is finishing the conversation. The metaphors in this poem are outstanding and really give you a glimpse into the author’s life. Till you actually really take a deeper look into the poem and realize what he Is trying to say you may think that he Is literally talking about the trees In different parts of the country. The second literary device that Sorority uses in his poem â€Å"l finally managed to speak to her† is irony. Irony is used in Sorority poem â€Å"l Finally Managed to Speak to Her because originally reading the poem you blatantly see t hat he is talking to a girl on the bus about trees. While you reread the poem you start to realize that It Is not just the trees he is talking about, it is her. Even though you want to think one thing there are multiple ways to look at this poem. This is where the irony comes in. Is it Ironic that he says â€Å"everything looks so drab†? If he is trying to talk about her is he trying to refer to every other girl being drab so that she can feel special? Despite the fact that we can look at this many ways Sorority says, â€Å"l wanted her to see me rather than the differences in the trees. † (Interview) It is very ironic that the author is using Reese to talk about a love life that never happened. It’s like he is trying to put the trees and the girl he Is talking to out there for others to realize that you may get turned down every now and then but don’t give up. The literary devices Hal Slowly used in his poem, â€Å"l finally Managed to Speak to Her was metaphor and irony. He used them in two similar ways but when you look at them they are completely different. The way he uses his metaphors Is astonishing. The irony that Is put Into this poem Is all around noteworthy. The way he makes you think about what your reading, and does not just give it to you. Although it is a little more work for the reader it is worth it. When you are just reading It for what is written you will never get the tulle story. Weather you are a girl or boy you can relate to this story because almost every person in the world has been turned down once in their life time and that is what makes this poem over the top, almost everyone can relate to it. Works Cited: Sorority, Hal. â€Å"†I Finally Managed to Speak to Her†Ã¢â‚¬  E-mail interview. 10 Par. 2013 How to cite Poetry Story, Papers

Business and Corporate Law Limitations of Economic Reasoning

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporate Law for Limitations of Economic Reasoning. Answer: 1: a) Issue: In the given case of Jane and Jack, Jane offers her care to Jack and he accepts, however, no exact value of the offer is given. It is provided that the market value of the car is $25000. Rules: Consideration means somewhat in return. In simple words, consideration is a cost or value which is paid by the buyer to the seller for the purchase of goods or services. As illustrated, goods, services, and money is some of the consideration of an agreement. Consideration is loss faced by a person who offers benefit conferred towards another party which should be in economical measurable terms (Bainbridge, 2015). It is one of the important aspects for validating the contract in a contract law. The reason behind this is that in contract, bargaining power of the parties is developed by the consideration of the other partys performance or for exchange return promise. Application: There should be something in return for both the parties namely promisee (Jack) and promissory (Jane) as per the Australian contract law. In addition to this, as in the given case, the agreement is moving from one person to another which also indicates the presence of consideration. Jack has accepted the offer presented by Jane; however, there is no exchange of money (value). As there is no exchange of value, it can be said; the consideration is not present in the given situation (Burrows, 2013). Conclusion: In the given case, the agreement is unenforceable between Jane as well as Jack. It is because, from the side of Jack, no act or promise is performed for the agreement. Additionally, no return or oral consideration is given by Jack in terms of price or goods. So, consideration is not present and agreement is not enforceable. b) Issue: In the given situation, Jane offers to sell her lotus super 7 sports car to Jack for $25000 and Jack accepts this offer. Rules: As per the contract laws, consideration is present in an offer, when there is exchange of some value from one person to another. In the situation of valid consideration, the contract is enforceable. Application The value of an agreement is $2500 which again make contract enforceable due to its price. Both Jane, and Jack, agreed upon the same point and views which indicate that agreement is enforceable. As illustrated, Jane has offered jack to buy her car for $2500 and jack has accepted the offer given by Jane. Therefore, by accepting the car of Jane in the same price makes this agreement enforceable (Wegen, Barth and Spahlinger, 2016). The contract is valid too as no legal defenses are found against it. Moreover, both Jane and Jack agreed to perform some action in return and exchange of something which again makes this agreement enforceable to Jack and considerable in the eye of law. Conclusion: It can be said that consideration is present in the agreement. It is because sufficient amount of money value or cost ($25000) for the sell of the car is offered by Jane towards Jack. Beside this, it is a legal value that helps both the party to make the agreement legal in the eyes of the law. Along with this, the value of good makes agreement considerable too. c) Issue: In the given case, Jane offers her car for $2500 to Jack. The market price of Janes car is $25000. There is huge difference between the market price and price offered by the Jane to Jack. It is to be evaluated whether the considertation is present or not. Rules: Consideration rules state there should be some value exchange, it is not required that value should be adequate as well. According to Australian law regarding consideration is to have sufficient consideration in the contract. Application: This case is similar to the case of Biotechnology v. Pace (Griffiths, 2014). In this case, the court has found unequal consideration in value offered by the party to other in an agreement by fair acts. Additionally, the unwise situation is faced by Jack by acceptance of car valuing $25000 in $2500 only. However, the agreement which has taken place among Jake and Jane has not breach civil law or public policy (Cartwright, 2016). Along with this, it is identified that adequate agreement was presented to both the party namely Jane and Jack with full enforceable and enforcement of law. Conclusion: The legal value of agreement indicates that there is an adequate consideration among the party that provides the rights to Jack to enforcement the agreement as per the Australian law (Wegen, Barth and Spahlinger, 2016). Moreover, mutual consideration is found in the given situation of a contact. However, sufficient amount of mutual consideration is missing in the case. In the case of Jack and Jane, sufficient consideration is found as Jane agreed to sell her car to Jack. Along with this, the agreement also has a value which indicated that the agreement is considerable in the eyes of Australian Law (Gordon and Ringe, 2016). On the other hand, if there is no consideration or legal value in agreement, insufficient consideration is considered in the Australian law. In addition to this, state and federal laws, never defend any of the persons from getting entry into an unwise contract. Hence, adequacy of consideration is never considered by the court. On the other hand, if the promise is illusory, then an agreement can be unenforceable in the contact act (Gibson and Fraser, 2013). In the given case, the agreement is unenforceable because the conditions of the enforcement of an agreement are not fulfilled properly. A valid offer of an agreement is not found among the party namely Jane and Jack. Because Jane was selling her car to Jack for $2500 only which is very low as compared to market value of the car ($25000) which is not valid offer and in this way, the contract becomes unenforceable in the law. 2. Issue: In the given case, the main issue is that a contract was made between two of the parties namely Shipbuilder Company and North Ocean Tanker. The contract was undertaken to build tankers for Shipbuilder Company. Due to, the devaluation of currency in the United States by 10 percent the Shipbuilder demanded extra US$3 million else they will stop the construction work for the Ocean Tanker. Also, a demand for paying extra US$3 million to shipbuilder was raised by the company towards North ocean tanker. Although, there was no provision made for any currency fluctuations in the contract (Haeri, 2016). Besides this, the North Ocean Tanker had booked a charter for delivery as it has to deliver the tankers on time. Ocean tanker was unwillingly agreed to pay the amount to shipbuilders. Now, in the given case issue raised is that whether the North Ocean tanker (buyers) will be able to succeed in recovering the excess money after nine months of delivery or not from the Shipbuilder Company (seller). Rules: In the given case Duress law will be applied (Engle, 2011). In the contract law, duress is a term use to define the person who enters into the contract due to threats such as physical harm or violence. The contract can be set aside by the court when a person enters into a contract due to the threat of physical violence in a contract. Originally, unlawful physical violence threat was recognized in the common law (Wilson, 2016). However, nowadays economic duress is also recognized by the court because of an increase invalid claim. In a case of the threat to goods, the court has less willing to interfere, although similar claims in restitution mention that there may be some or the other changes in the law. One of the basic vitiating factors in contract law is that there is no free consent for the parties. Additionally, it uses to work or functions at a common law. However, there may be an increase in an action for undue influence through pressure not amounting to duress. Moreover, the finding result of undue influence as well as duress is that the contract is voidable (Cartwright, 2016). The blameless party may claim the damages and has a right to withdraw the contract. There is basically three type of duress in the contract act which includes duress to the person, duress to the goods, and economic duress (Li, 2015). These are as discussed below: Duress to the person: The contract can be set aside by the court when a person enters into a contract due to the threat of physical violence in a contract. Duress to goods: A threat to damage of the property or destroy of property can be duress in a case of goods (Virgo, 2015). It also includes control or grabs of goods for an unnecessary reason, cause or wrongfully is all said to be duress to goods in the contract act. Economic duress: This explains that the consent of a party to a contract can be taken by financially treating the party (Zamir and Teichman, 2014). Further, the illegal use of economic pressure is made by one party in order to force another party to get involve, enter, and sign the contract. Essentials of the doctrine of economic duress include illegitimate pressure which means there is no choice left for the applicant instead of choosing contact entry. Moreover, an important cause of pressure which is responsible for entering into a contract by the side of the applicant is another essential of the doctrine of economic duress (Stone and Devenney, 2015). The elements of economic duress involve improper or wrongful threat and having no reasonable alternatives. Application: In the concern to the given case study, it is found that the case is related to the economic duress of a contract act. Because the shipbuilder forced the North Ocean Tankers to pay them an extra amount of US$3 million due to the currency devaluation loss in the country by the government. Along with this, it is found that shipbuilder illegally threatens the North Ocean Tanker to be involved in the contract. It is identified from the case that there was pressure on North Ocean Tankers to pay money to seller namely Shipbuilders which can be easily identified by the court (Burrows, 2016). As discussed above, there are three types of duress namely to the goods, to person, and economic duress. Hence, in the given case, economic duress is addressed as it is analyzed that the shipbuilder (seller) made the economic pressure or duress on the buyer (North Ocean Tankers) to enter into the contract (Poole, 2016). It is noted that threat to breach the contract is not considered illegitimate by the court due to demand reasonability as well as circumstances changes. As illustrated, in the case of North Ocean Shipping Co v Hyundai [1979] QB 705, an owner was not paying additional payment as compensation to shipbuilder because of a devaluation of the dollar (Bayern, 2015). Hence, the court ordered the Shipbuilder to break the contract with the party. However, the given situation is not the exactly as the shipbuilding company applied pressure and economic duress to pay for the additional amount. In the case of North Ocean Tankers and shipbuilder extra payment demanded by a seller is paid by the buyer for US $3 million under the protest. This will further result in the economic duress of the contract along with the right to the North Ocean Tankers to recover its surplus or extra payment from the seller namely the shipbuilder after nine months of the delivery Conclusion: In the given case, a seller (shipbuilder) has asked buyers (North Ocean Tankers) to pay US$3 million in consideration to the devaluation of currency by the government. It is examined that the buyer has the right to recover the excess money from the shipbuilder. Further, the contract becomes voidable if duress is found in the contract (Cartwright, 2016). Infected applicant has a right to cover losses suffer by the party in terms of goods or the money. In concern to the case, it is said that the contract is voidable as shipbuilder act will be considered illegal because an unlawful use of economic pressure is found in the case. Furthermore, threatening to break the contract given by shipbuilder again makes the contract voidable and the North Ocean Tankers are given the right to recover its excess payment after the delivery. References Bainbridge, S. (2015)Corporate Law. USA: West Academic. Bayern, S. J. (2015) The Limitations of Economic Reasoning in Analyzing Duress, Minnesota Law Review,99(141). Burrows, A. (2013) A Casebook on Contract. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. Burrows, A. (2016) A Restatement of the English Law of Contract. UK: Oxford University Press. Cartwright, J. (2016) Anson's Law of Contract. UK: Oxford University Press. Cartwright, J. (2016)Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. Engle, E. (2011) Corporate Law and Human Rights with Special Emphasis on the U.S. USA: Springer Gibson, A. and Fraser, D. (2013) Business Law 2014. USA: Pearson Higher Education AU Gordon, J. N., and Ringe, W. G. (2016)The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance. UK: Oxford University Press. Griffiths, A. (2014) Embodied histories: exploring law's temporality in relation to land in Botswana, The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law,46(1), pp.37-59. Haeri, M. (2016) Analysis of Jurisprudence-Legal of Compulsion and Duress in Adultery, J. Pol. and L.,9(89), pp. 35-54. Li, E. (2015) Business and Corporate Law. USA: Thomson Lawbook Company. Poole, J. (2016)Textbook on contract law. UK: Oxford University Press. Stone, R. and Devenney, J. (2015) The Modern Law of Contract. UK: Routledge. Virgo, G. (2015) The Principles of the Law of Restitution. UK: Oxford University Press. Wegen,G., Barth, M. and Spahlinger, A. (2016) Corporate Laws of the World: A Handbook. USA: Hart Publication. Wilson, T. (2016) International Responses to Issues of Credit and Over-indebtedness in the Wake of Crisis. UK: Routledge Zamir, E. and Teichman, D. (2014) The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Economics and the Law. UK: Oxford University Press.